http://szhang0817.blog.163.com/ 

    一切都起因于爱因斯坦提出的光子说。

　　把光看成是一种粒子（即“光子”），可惹出了大麻烦！如果我们承认光是一种粒子，那么我们如何来解释光的衍射？要知道，光的衍射效应可是区别“光是粒子还是波”的一个关键性实验呀！但后来的实验的的确确证明了：光既是一种波，又同时是一种粒子。这个图像真是太离奇了。薛定谔的猫以及其他许多佯谬，都起源于这一矛盾而离奇的图像。为了解决这一矛盾离奇的图像，哥本哈根学派的物理学家提出了一种解释（即“几率波”的解释）：我们说光是一种波动，是指光是一种“几率波”；是指在衍射图像上光子（或者电子、原子等等）出现的几率：在衍射明条纹上发现粒子的几率大，在衍射暗条纹上发现粒子的几率小。显然，这一解释表明自然法则中存在着一种根本的随机性。爱因斯坦对这一解释很是不满，并且说了一句很有名的话：“我不相信上帝会玩掷骰子。”后来爱因斯坦还提出一个“ＥＰＲ佯谬”来反驳哥本哈根的解释。但是，现在实验已经证明爱因斯坦的这一反驳失败了。

　　与爱因斯坦提出反驳的同时，薛定谔也提出“薛定谔的猫”这一佯谬来反对哥本哈根的解释。这一佯谬简单地说是这样的：在一个盒子里，用一个放射性原子的衰变来触发一个装有毒气的瓶子的开关，毒气可以毒死同时放在盒子里的猫。按哥本哈根学派的解释，放射性原子的衰变可以用波函数来描述；当用波函数描述不同状态的组合时（如放射性元素“衰变了”或“没有衰变”这两种状态的组合），我们称之为“波的迭加态”；在没有打开盒子时，放射性原子进入了衰变与不衰变的迭加态，由此猫也成了一只处于迭加态的猫，即又死又活、半死半活、处于地狱边缘的猫。正像哈姆雷特王子所说：“是死，还是活，这可真是一个问题。”只有当你打开盒子的时候，迭加态突然结束（在数学术语就是“坍缩（collapse）”），哈姆雷特王子的犹豫才终于结束：我们知道了猫的确定态：死，或者活。哥本哈根的几率诠释的优点是：只出现一个结果，这与我们观测到的结果相符合。但是有一个大的问题：它要求波函数突然坍缩。但物理学中没有一个公式能够描述这种坍缩。尽管如此，长期以来物理学家们出于实用主义的考虑，还是接受了哥本哈根的诠释。付出的代价是：违反了薛定谔方程。这就难怪薛定谔一直耿耿于怀了。

　　哥本哈根诠释在很长的一段时间成了“正统的”、“标准的”诠释。但那只不死不活的猫却总是像恶梦一样让物理学家们不得安宁。格利宾的这本书想告诉我们的是，哥本哈根诠释在哪儿失败，以及用什么诠释可以替代它。

　　１９５７年，埃弗雷特提出的“多世界诠释”似乎为人们带来了福音，虽然由于它太离奇开始没有人认真对待。格利宾认为，多世界诠释有许多优点，由此它可以代替哥本哈根诠释。我们下面简单介绍一下埃弗雷特的多世界诠释。

　　行世界。以薛定谔的猫来说，格利宾在书中写道：“埃弗雷特……指出两只猫都是真实的。有一只活猫，有一只死猫，但它们位于不同的世界中。问题并不在于盒子中的放射性原子是否衰变，而在于它既衰变又不衰变。当我们向盒子里看时，整个世界分裂成它自己的两个版本。这两个版本在其余的各个方面都是全同的。唯一的区别在于其中一个版本中，原子衰变了，猫死了；而在另一个版本中，原子没有衰变，猫还活着。”

　　也就是说，上面说的“原子衰变了，猫死了；原子没有衰变，猫还活着”这两个世界将完全相互独立地演变下去，就像两个平行的世界一样。格利宾显然十分赞赏这一诠释，所以他接着说：“这听起来就像科幻小说，然而……它是基于无懈可击的数学方程，基于量子力学朴实的、自洽的、符合逻辑的结果。”“在量子的多世界中，我们通过参与而选择出自己的道路。在我们生活的这个世界上，没有隐变量，上帝不会掷骰子，一切都是真实的。”按格利宾所说，爱因斯坦如果还活着，他也许会同意并大大地赞扬这一个“没有隐变量，上帝不会掷骰子”的理论。

　　这个诠释的优点是：薛定谔方程始终成立，波函数从不坍缩，由此它简化了基本理论。它的问题是：设想过于离奇，付出的代价是这些平行的世界全都是同样真实的。这就难怪有人说：“在科学史上，多世界诠释无疑是目前所提出的最大胆、最野心勃勃的理论。”

　　当然，格利宾也知道，还有许多技术上的难题还等待我们去解决。所以他写道：“我们要么不得不接受哥本哈根的诠释，连同他那幽灵般的现实和半死半活的猫；要么接受埃弗雷特的多世界诠释。当然，可以认为科学市场上的‘最好的家伙’都是不正确的；这两种选择都是错的。关于量子力学的现实，可能还有另一种解释，它既能解决哥本哈根诠释和埃弗雷特的诠释已经解决的所有问题……。但是如果你认为这是一个轻松的选择，一条容易走出困境的路，那么你必须记住任何这种‘新的’解释都必须能够解释自从普朗克在黑暗中取得突破以来的所有成就；在解释万物方面，它必须与目前这两种理论一样好，或者更好。的确，守株待兔似的等待某人会对我们的问题提出一个好的答案，这不是科学的态度。在没有更好的答案情况下，我们就不得不正视目前能得到的最好答案。”

　　我们也许记得，在二十世纪二十年代，有一位物理学家声称他有一个理论可以解决量子理论的基本问题时，玻尔说：“你的理论的确美妙，但是还没有美妙到真实的程度。”格利宾现在认为，埃弗雷特的理论“确实已经美妙到真实的程度，在寻找薛定谔的猫方面，这个理论可以给出一个合适的答案”。由此可见格利宾对埃弗雷特的多世界诠释抱有多么大的信心。

http://muyuzi.blogbus.com/logs/2004/04/135915.html

Harvard has developed this comprehensive Personality test. It was published in the December 1998 issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

1.When you get up in the morning, what do you usually have for breakfast:

A.Eggs and toast(3)

B.Cereal(1)

C.Pop Tart(6)

D.Nothing(2)

2.If you could have anything you desired, what would you have for breakfast?

A.Eggs and toast(2)

B.Something else(1)

C.Pop Tart(3)

D.Cake(4)

3.It's lunchtime.You:

A.Skip a meal because you are too busy or worried about your weight(2)

B.Get what you have spent all morning thinking about(1)

C.Eat the food you brought with you(3)

D.Find out what your friends are having and tag along(4)

4.A friend offers you some of his/her food.You:

A.Take a bite because you are starving(3)

B.Take a bite to be polite(1)

C.Refuse because you are watching your weight(2)

D.Take 2 bites instead of just one(6)

5.Your future boyfriend/girlfriend offers you something to eat.It is:

A.A cookie(1)

B.An apple(2)

C.A slice of pizza(5)

D.A carrot(3)

6.Your dog is begging you for a treat.You give him:

A.A dog biscuit(3)

B.Some cake(1)

C.Nothing,but you pet him(4)

D.Nothing and you push him away.Treats are bad for him(2)

7.In a dream,you are in the world's best restaurant. You order:

A.Everything on the menu.It's a dream, right?(2)

B.A salad. A big one with everything in it.(1)

C.Steak(3)

D.A rich dessert(4)

8.You are stranded alone on a tropical island.What are the foods you have to have with you?

A.Fruits and vegetables(4)

B.Meat and potatoes(3)

C.Ice cream, chocolate, and cake(2)

D.Chinese food(5)

9.You are an infant and your mother is feeding you:

A.Baby Cereal or formula(6)

B.Broccoli(4)

C.A cookie(8)

D.Nothing, she is doing something else(2)

10.You are 6 years old. Your dad is feeding you:

A.Pizza(7)

B.Spaghetti-Os(5)

C.Bubble gum(1)

D.Carrots (3)

 

Now add up  your scores and find your personality.

 

You tend to be a shy person. You may feel uncomfortable with a lot of other people. You sometimes think that you were given a body that does not fit your mind, and perhaps you were born in the wrong year. You are much smarter than most people think you are and you do not let other people know about it. You have a giant heart that gets crushed all the time. You tend to have an artistic flair. Music you like:songs about love, lost love, and heartbreak. Your favorite movie:Titanic. There are days when you would rather stay home and deal with annoying people. Cupid has toyed with you. Someone you loved has hurt you. Your parents fought when you were small. You have thought about getting a tattoo.

You made your way in this world in spite of all the obstacies you have faced. You have seen a lot more troubles than most people. You have had to deal with difficult people, ridiculous rules, and impetuous relationships. Love for you can be as intense as the fire on the face of the sun. You are either very calm on the inside when there is a lot of insanity around you or you shut people up and take charge. You can go to a movie by yourself without the need for someone to go with you. You are as comfortable alone as you are with others. You are angry at your parents and you can't change them. You are a great lover when you find that rare mate who is your equal, but otherwise your relationships have been short or frustrating. You have stayed too long with a partner you did not like. Life is a roller coaster, and you are finding ways to make the good times better. You love sports or have taken drugs.

You generally are a calm person. You get excited when your favorite band is in town, when you are going on a date with your partner, and when you and your friend are dancing. For you, your friends mean everything to you. You hate it when the summer is over. You like art, and some poetry. You can throw a party, or help a friend put one together. You usually have no trouble finding dates, but you occasionally hit a dry spell. You like the outdoors, usually, and rainy weather doesn't bother you. You sometimes get jealous of people who are smarter or better looking than you, but you wouldn't hold it against them if you got to know them. You are on good terms with your parents, even though they piss you off once in a while. You saw your parents kissing and/or making love once. People tend to think you are reliable and trustworthy. You like animals.

Sometimes there just isn't enough time in a day for you to do everything you would like to do. If there isn't anything fun going on at the moment, then you know how to get things rolling. You tend to be the kind of person people look up to, and you usually have the ability to excel at most things you try. You usually don't care what people think about you, and you have no problem kissing your mate in public. Sex for you is a passionate art, and you never have a problem in bed, except for being a little too wild for your partner. You tend to have an energy level that is one step above the others, but you can play it cool if you want to. You prefer to play sports than to watch. People have been jealous of you, but it's unlikely you noticed. Your parents are active people, and may not have given you as much time as you wanted. You have a tattoo, play in a band, have blond hair, or are on a sports team. People copy you. Sometimes you are truly miserable, but not for long.

MEN and women differ a lot from how they look at the story of someone getting a haircut.

Woman2:Oh!You got a haircut!That's so cute!

Woman2:Oh God no!No,it's perfect.I'd love to get my hair cut like that,but I think my face is too wide.I'm pretty much stuck with this stuff I think.

Woman1:Are you serious?I think your face is adorable.And you could easily get one of those special cuts that would look so cute I think. I was actually going to do that except that I was afraid it would accent my long neck.

Woman2:Oh-that's funny!I would love to have your neck!Anything to take attention away from this two-by-four I have for a shoulder line.

Woman1:Are you kidding?I know girls that would love to have your shoulders.Everything appears so well on you.I mean, look at my arms-see how short they are?If I had shoulders I could get clothes to fit me so much easier.

Man2:Haircut?

Man1:Yeah.

PASSENGERS were waiting to board the flight to Las Vegas when they announced that the flight was full.The airline was looking for volunteers to give up their seats.

In exchange,they'd give you a $100 voucher for your next flight and a first class seat in the plane leaving an hour later.About eight people ran up to the counter to take advantage of the offer.

It was only about 15 seconds later that all eight of those people sat down grumpily as the lady behind the ticket counter announced,"If there is anyone else OTHER than the flight crew who'd like to volunteer,please step forward..."